Knowledge base

1.Principle of High-Density Electrical Resistivity Survey High-density apparent resistivity method is an array-based exploration technique, also known as an automatic apparent resistivity system. It evolved from direct current (DC) resistivity methods and combines the functionalities of four-electrode sounding and electrical…

TIPS：Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Time-Domain Induced Polarization (TDIP/IP) are two complementary geophysical methods that map subsurface electrical properties in 2D and 3D. ERT measures how rocks and soils resist electrical current flow. TDIP captures the delayed voltage response after…

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is a foundational geophysical technique that measures how electrical resistivity changes with depth beneath a single surface point. Also called electrical resistivity sounding, VES uses four-electrode arrays—most commonly the Schlumberger configuration—to build a 1D layered model…

TIPS：Cross-hole Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) are two complementary geophysical techniques for hydrogeological and geotechnical site investigations. This technical case study demonstrates their integrated application—from high-density resistivity measurements between dual boreholes to TEM validation of deep…

​TIPS：Improving your well drilling success rate starts with understanding groundwater formation and choosing the right geophysical water finder for the job. This guide explains how multi-parameter surveys, precise electrode layouts, and professional data interpretation reduce dry holes and cut exploration…