Knowledge base

TIPS：Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Time-Domain Induced Polarization (TDIP/IP) are two complementary geophysical methods that map subsurface electrical properties in 2D and 3D. ERT measures how rocks and soils resist electrical current flow. TDIP captures the delayed voltage response after…

Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) is a foundational geophysical technique that measures how electrical resistivity changes with depth beneath a single surface point. Also called electrical resistivity sounding, VES uses four-electrode arrays—most commonly the Schlumberger configuration—to build a 1D layered model…

TIPS：Cross-hole Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM) are two complementary geophysical techniques for hydrogeological and geotechnical site investigations. This technical case study demonstrates their integrated application—from high-density resistivity measurements between dual boreholes to TEM validation of deep…

​TIPS：Improving your well drilling success rate starts with understanding groundwater formation and choosing the right geophysical water finder for the job. This guide explains how multi-parameter surveys, precise electrode layouts, and professional data interpretation reduce dry holes and cut exploration…

Ⅰ. Overview of Geophysical Exploration Technologies 1. Defining Geophysical Exploration Geophysical Exploration applies physics principles to detect subsurface medium distribution patterns. This technology infers geological structures, ore body locations, and groundwater distribution by measuring physical field variations in the crust.…